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  • Benjamin Martin (baptized 1705; died 1782) was a lexicographer who compiled one of the early English dictionaries, the Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). He also was a lecturer on science and maker of scientific instruments. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0503-color.jpg
  • Benjamin Martin (baptized 1705; died 1782) was a lexicographer who compiled one of the early English dictionaries, the Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). He also was a lecturer on science and maker of scientific instruments. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0503.jpg
  • El Escorial or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (or Monasterio del Escorial), is a historical residence of the King of Spain, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school and hospital. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0006.jpg
  • Osney Abbey Near Oxford as it appeared in 1640 Osney Abbey or Oseney Abbey, later Osney Cathedral, was a house of Augustinian canons at Osney in Oxfordshire. The site is south of the modern Botley Road, down Mill Street by Osney Cemetery, next to the railway line just south of Oxford station. It was founded as a priory in 1129, becoming an abbey around 1154. It was dissolved in 1539 but was created a cathedral, the last abbot Robert King becoming the first Bishop of Oxford. The see was transferred to the new foundation of Christ Church in 1545 and the building fell into ruin. It was one of the four renowned monastic houses of medieval Oxford, along with St Frideswide's Priory, Rewley and Godstow. Oxford is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire, England. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0196.jpg
  • Oxford South view of St. Mary's or University Church. Oxford is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire, England. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0190.jpg
  • Numbers theory Table of permutations or permutation pyramid calculated to 50 items, by John Snart.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0355.jpg
  • Purple throated Flycatcher Muscicapa is a genus of passerine birds belonging to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, and therein to the typical flycatchers of subfamily Muscicapinae. They are widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia with most species occurring in forest and woodland habitats. Several species are migratory, moving south from Europe and northern Asia for the winter Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0304-wb.jpg
  • Trinity House (Top) and the Tower of London Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0481.jpg
  • Title and credit page Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0009.jpg
  • Husbandry - gates and fences Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0598.jpg
  • Calorimeter, Modern chemical apparatus for the study of chemistry  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Buceros (Asian Hornbills) 1. The Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) 2. beak of the Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) 3. Beak of the pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris). Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0040.jpg
  • Ancient map of Sussex Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0851_1.jpg
  • Various bows and types of arrows Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0070.jpg
  • Architecture Is Represented In A Female Form, Sitting Upon The Pedestal Of A Pillar, With Various Tools And Instruments Around Her, Carefully Inspecting The Accuracy And Ingenuity Of A Design Which Lies In Her Lap. At Her Side the Figure of Reason, With a Helmet on Her Head, Pallas’s Shield in Her Left Hand, And Mercury’s Caduceus in Her Right. Astronomy Is Personified By A Beautiful Female As Urania, With A Silver Crescent, Clothed In An Azure Mantle Spangled With Stars; Her Eyes Intensely Fixed Upon The Starry Firmament; With An Astrolabe In Her Right Hand, And A Scroll, Containing Astronomical Figures, In Her Left. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0008.jpg
  • The Genius of Literature Presenting her Pupils to Minerva [Goddess of wisdom; counterpart of Greek Athena] Frontispiece From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume I;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol01_0008.jpg
  • Playhouse Theatre Dorset Gardens Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0781.jpg
  • Flamingo stands at waters edge [Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, the only bird family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. Four flamingo species are distributed throughout the Americas, including the Caribbean, and two species are native to Africa, Asia, and Europe].  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0353.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory Reflection and Inflection of light Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0612.jpg
  • Frontispiece illustrating Optics THE PRISMATICAL COLOURS EMBODIED INTO SEVEN FEMALE FIGURES THREE OF WHICH ARE DISTINGUISHED AS GENERATIVE AND PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS BY A CROWN AND AN EMBROIDERED MANTLE INTIMATING THAT THE RAY OF LIGHT IS COMPOSED OF YELLOW RED AND BLUE ONLY AND THAT THE OTHER COLOURS ARE MERE COMPOSITIONS OR INTERMIXTURES OF THE PRINCIPAL ONES AT THEIR RESPECTIVE CONTIGUITIES EACH OF THESE FIGURES HOLDS A REPRESENTATIVE OF ONE OF THE SEVEN COLOURS IN THE RAINBOW AS FOUND IN THE IMMENSE STORE OF NEVERCHANGING NATURE AND IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER  The Hebrew Text of 'And God said Let there be light and there was light' Genesis Chapter 1 verse 3. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0008-crop.jpg
  • Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805), also known simply as Admiral Nelson, was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. He was wounded in combat, losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 35, and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40. He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0818.jpg
  • Holothuria [sea cucumbers] Holothuria Phantapus Copperplate engraving by J Chapman, From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0297.jpg
  • Canis family Wolf and striped Hyaena and cantharis insects Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0011.jpg
  • Strix is a genus of owls in the typical owl family (Strigidae), one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being the barn-owl (Tytonidae). Common names are earless owls or wood owls. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0702_1.jpg
  • Sepia [cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0047.jpg
  • The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0742-Platypus.jpg
  • Picus is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family. These are large woodpeckers, typically with green upperparts. They are found in forests or more open woodland, and lay their white eggs in a tree hole nest, typically on a bed of wood chips. Picus woodpeckers are primarily insect eaters, with several species specialising in taking ants or termites. Some species will also consume fruit or eggs. Insects are captured by a rapid outward flick of the long tongue and gummed to its tip by sticky saliva. This genus is less completely arboreal than some other woodpecker groups, and its members often feed on the ground, attacking anthills or termitaries. It has representatives in Europe, Asia and North Africa.Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0491.jpg
  • Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired (French: le Désiré), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in exile: during the French Revolution and the First French Empire (1791–1814), and during the Hundred Days. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0641.jpg
  • Triumphal Arch [Arc de Triomphe] in the Place du Carousel [Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile] as it appeared on 25th September 1815 Paris, France Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0511.jpg
  • Perspective instruments Optics and Optical theory Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0766.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory The theory of vision Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0650.jpg
  • Mugil is a genus of mullet in the family Mugilidae found worldwide in tropical and temperate coastal marine waters, but also entering estuaries and rivers. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0196.jpg
  • Contemplative Archimedes, the founder of theoretical Mechanics with pupils and instruments of mechanical power, A diagram of the proportion of the sphere to a cylinder. Screw and wedge action, an array of pulleys, water pump based on Archimedes's screw Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_008-Crop.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London details of the interior of Westminster Abbey Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0613.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0561.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0544.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London London Bridge 1209 Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0125.jpg
  • Illustrating the Union of Ireland and Great Britain. Britannia takes Hibernia by the hand in a token of sincere friendship Copperplate engraving of the frontispiece From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0008.jpg
  • Ilex South Sea Tea or Evergreen Cassine Copperplate engraving by J. Pass From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0992.jpg
  • Hottentots drawn from life by M Vaillant 1810 Copperplate engraving by J. Chapman From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0524.jpg
  • Horticulture - improved Greenhouses Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0516.jpg
  • Clockwork mechanism Horology [study of the measurement of time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, hourglasses, clepsydras, timers, time recorders, marine chronometers]. Copperplate engraving By J. Pass From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0391.jpg
  • The Indian Zodiac Copperplate engraving by J. Chapman From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0190.jpg
  • Three Brahmin sects before a temple (Brahmana (center), Vishnu Sect (right) and Siva Sect (left)) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0140.jpg
  • American Asp (top) and Egyptian Asp Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_09...jpg
  • Arabian or Eastern Coffee Tree (Coffea) Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_08...jpg
  • Improved coal mining techniques Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_07...jpg
  • 19th century illustration of the clothes of Chinese Nobles Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_05...jpg
  • Handcolored copperplate engraving of a 19th century map of Cheshire, England  From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Handcolored copperplate engraving of Chaetodon fish. A tropical fish genus in the family Chaetodontidae. Like their relatives, they are known as "butterflyfish". From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_00...jpg
  • 4 typical treecreepers Certhia (or creeper) birds. Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_00...jpg
  • Beehives and bees (Apis) Copper engraving with hand colouring Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0019.jpg
  • Alcedo - Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) cock and hen Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0032.jpg
  • Steam Engine schematics and usage Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0620_1.jpg
  • Sorex [shrews], Talpa [genus of mole] and Tapir Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0413_1.jpg
  • Various bows and types of arrows Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0073.jpg
  • Various spiders (Aranea) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0045.jpg
  • Anacardium, the cashews, are a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume I;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol01_0570.jpg
  • Machine colourised Alauda is a genus of larks found across much of Europe, Asia and in the mountains of north Africa, Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume I;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol01_0267-colorized.jpg
  • Scorpio [Scorpions] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0935.jpg
  • Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 in Szczecin – 17 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was Empress of All Russia from 1762 until 1796—the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that overthrew her husband and second cousin, Peter III. Under her reign, Russia grew larger, its culture was revitalised, and it was recognized as one of the great powers worldwide. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0539.jpg
  • Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was Roman emperor from AD 41 to 54. Born to Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, where his father was stationed as a military legate, he was the first Roman emperor to be born outside Italy. Nonetheless, Claudius was an Italic of Sabine origins[5] and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship, shared with his nephew Caligula in 37. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0301.jpg
  • Baker's Improved Pistol Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0630-pistol-1.jpg
  • Flamingo stands at waters edge [Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, the only bird family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. Four flamingo species are distributed throughout the Americas, including the Caribbean, and two species are native to Africa, Asia, and Europe].  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0353-colour.jpg
  • Various Months Phalaena is an obsolete genus of Lepidoptera used by Carl Linnaeus to house most moths. Phalaena was one of three genera used by Linnaeus to cover all Lepidoptera. Papilio included all butterflies at that time, Sphinx included all hawk moths, and Phalaena included all the remaining moths. The type species was Phalaena typica (now Naenia typica in the family Noctuidae). Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0065.jpg
  • 19th Century illustration of the Fountaine des Innocens [Fontaine des Innocents], Paris, France The Fontaine des Innocents is a monumental public fountain located on the place Joachim-du-Bellay in the Les Halles district in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. Originally called the Fountain of the Nymphs, it was constructed between 1547 and 1550 by architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon in the new style of the French Renaissance. It is the oldest monumental fountain in Paris. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0555.jpg
  • kaleidoscope. Principals and construction Optics and Optical theory Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0727.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory Telescopes and Camera Obscura Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0672.jpg
  • Numbers. Chinese, Mexican and Magic squares and circles Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0332.jpg
  • Dog, Sledge, whip and fish spear from the North Pole Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0225.jpg
  • Needle Making Machines Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0792.jpg
  • Various eels in the Muraena genus that contains twelve species of large eels in the family Muraenidae, common in the Mediterranean Sea. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0239.jpg
  • Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0949-wb.jpg
  • Meaux, France is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is 41.1 km (25.5 mi) east-northeast of the center of Paris. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0690.jpg
  • Machinery used by the Chinese for irrigation Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0420.jpg
  • The Battle of the Boyne (Irish: Cath na Bóinne IPA: [ˈkah n̪ˠə ˈbˠoːn̪ʲə]) was a battle in 1690 between the forces of the deposed King James II of England and Ireland, VII of Scotland, versus those of King William III who, with his wife Queen Mary II (his cousin and James's daughter), had acceded to the Crowns of England and Scotland[b] in 1689. The battle took place across the River Boyne close to the town of Drogheda in the Kingdom of Ireland, modern-day Republic of Ireland, and resulted in a victory for William. This turned the tide in James's failed attempt to regain the British crown and ultimately aided in ensuring the continued Protestant ascendancy in Ireland. The battle took place on 1 July 1690 O.S. William's forces defeated James's army, which consisted mostly of raw recruits. Although the Williamite War in Ireland continued until October 1691, James fled to France after the Boyne, never to return.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0348.jpg
  • Illustrating the Union of Ireland and Great Britain. Britannia takes Hibernia by the hand in a token of sincere friendship Copperplate engraving of the frontispiece From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0008-crop.jpg
  • Jatropha - Cassava or tapioca plant (Manihot esculenta) Jatropha Manihot or Eatable rooted Physic nut Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0851.jpg
  • husbandry Sheep shearing Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0607.jpg
  • Holothuria [sea cucumbers] Holothuria Pentactes, Papillosa, Squamata and Penicillus. Copperplate engraving by J Chapman, From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0300.jpg
  • Holothuria [sea cucumbers] Holothuri Elegans and Priapus Copperplate engraving by J. Chapman. From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0294.jpg
  • 18th Century ancient map of Hindoostan [Hindustan] or Modern India and the Indian subcontinent. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0014.jpg
  • Statue of Peter the Great, Petersburgh [Saint Petersburg, Russia] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1823
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIX_0866.jpg
  • Peru - The Inca and his Queen Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1823
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIX_0824.jpg
  • Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1823
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIX_0543.jpg
  • Coluber The Berus or viper of Europe and the Viper of Rhedi Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_09...jpg
  • Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. Cinchona has been historically sought after for its medicinal value, as the bark of several species yields quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of European colonialism, which made them of great economic and political importance. Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_06...jpg
  • 1. The Antarctic Chimera 2. The Arctic Chimera 3. The Chermes Insects of the fig tree. Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Modern chemical apparatus for the study of chemistry  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Modern chemical apparatus for the study of chemistry  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_02...jpg
  • Modern chemical apparatus for the study of chemistry  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_02...jpg
  • Steam Engine schematics and usage Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0608_1.jpg
  • Scarabaeus [dung beetle] and Scolia [scoliid wasps] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0843.jpg
  • Otho (Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus, born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor for three months, from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0312.jpg
  • Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was Roman emperor from AD 41 to 54. Born to Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, where his father was stationed as a military legate, he was the first Roman emperor to be born outside Italy. Nonetheless, Claudius was an Italic of Sabine origins[5] and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship, shared with his nephew Caligula in 37. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0301-colour.jpg
  • Tiberius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor, reigning from AD 14 to 37. He succeeded his stepfather, Augustus. Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals: his conquests of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and (temporarily) parts of Germania laid the foundations for the northern frontier. Even so, he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and somber ruler who never really desired to be emperor;  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0294.jpg
  • The Grecian Maid (The Daughter Of Dibutades, An Eminent Artist In Pottery), At The Light Thrown Upon Her Lover By The Torch Of The God Of Love, Traces The Outlines Of his Shadow on the Wall. The Genius Of Painting, To Whom This Circumstance Has Given Birth, Soars Aloft, Bearing The Emblems Of The Art. The Corinthian Pillars Allude To The Country Where The Scene Took Place; And The Moon In Her Decline Shows That The Lover Was On The Point Of Undertaking A Journey. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0008-crop.jpg
  • St. Paul's Church from Fleet Street (left) and Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church from Westminster bridge (right) Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0073.jpg
  • Hygrometry - Instruments for Measuring the Moisture of the Air. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0764.jpg
  • Hirundo [Bird], Hispa [Leaf Beetle], Hister [Clown Beetle] and Horia [Beetle] Copperplate engraving by J. Pufs. From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0247.jpg
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